Adoption Of Adaptive Gamified Learning Systems: A Push-Pool-Mooring Model Perspective

The adoption of digital learning systems is closely related to user engagement and system relevance. This quantitative research aims to explore the factors influencing students' switching intention from traditional Learning Management Systems (LMS) to a gamified LMS platform, using the Push-Pull-Mooring (PPM) framework. A conceptual model was developed to examine how negative experiences with previous systems (push factors), the appeal of a new gamified platform (pull factors), and personal constraints (mooring factors) influence switching behavior. The gamified LMS, named Learning Nova, was designed based on six types of goal orientation, enabling personalization according to students’ motivational profiles. Data were collected through a two-stage process: an initial classification using a modified AGQ-R questionnaire, followed by a large-scale survey involving 1,054 university students from various institutions across Indonesia who interacted with the prototype. The findings confirmed the significant influence of both push and pull effects on switching intention. While mooring factors did not moderate these effects, they had a direct impact on students’ decisions to switch. These insights offer practical implications for educational institutions and system developers seeking to enhance LMS adoption through motivation-aligned, gamified experiences.